Warp compensated electronic assemblies

ABSTRACT

An electronic panel assembly (EPA) includes one or more electronic devices with primary faces having electrical contacts, opposed rear faces and edges therebetween. The devices are mounted primary faces down in openings in a warp control sheet (WCS). Cured plastic encapsulation is formed at least between lateral edges of the devices and WCS openings. Undesirable panel warping during encapsulation is mitigated by choosing the WCS coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) to be less than the encapsulation CTE. Thin film insulators and conductors couple electrical contacts on various devices to each other and to external terminals, thereby forming an integrated multi-device EPA.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a divisional of co-pending U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 11/372,666, filed on Mar. 10, 2006.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention generally relates to electronic devices, and moreparticularly relates to packaging of semiconductor and other types ofchip devices in planar panel configuration.

BACKGROUND

Semiconductor and other types of electronic devices are oftenencapsulated wholly or partly in plastic resin to provide environmentalprotection and facilitate external connection to the devices. Forconvenience of explanation and not intended to be limiting, the presentinvention is described for semiconductor devices, but persons of skillin the art will understand that the present invention applies to anytype of electronic device that is substantially in chip form.Accordingly, such other types of devices including the non-limitingexamples given below, are intended to be included in the terms “device”,“electronic device”, “semiconductor device” and “integrated circuit”whether singular or plural, and the terms “device”, “die” and “chip” areintended to be substantially equivalent. Non-limiting examples ofsuitable devices are semiconductor integrated circuits, individualsemiconductor devices, piezoelectric devices, magnetostrictive devices,solid state filters, magnetic tunneling structures, integrated passivedevices such as capacitors, resistors and inductors, and combinationsand arrays of any and all of these types of devices and elements.Further, the present invention does not depend upon the types of die orchips being used nor the materials of which they are constructedprovided that such materials withstand the encapsulation process.

In certain types of electronic device packaging where connections tomultiple devices included in the package are made after encapsulation,there is a problem referred to as warping that can occur duringencapsulation. Warping is of particular concern in electronic assembliesthat are in the form of a comparatively flat or planar panel whosedevice electrical connections are exposed on a principal surface. It isoften desired to form an integrated electronic assembly byinterconnecting the various devices in the panel using planar processingtechnology. If the panel has warped during encapsulation, the process ofadding the interconnects becomes difficult, which can affect overallyield and cost. Thus, control or elimination of warping is important toachieving high manufacturing yields and low manufacturing costs in suchencapsulated planar assemblies.

Accordingly, it is desirable to provide packaging for electronic devicesthat avoids or mitigates the adverse effects of warping duringencapsulation. It is further desirable that the packaging is suitablefor use with arrays containing multiple devices and/or multiple types ofdevices and especially device arrays where it is desired that theprimary faces of the devices are available for electrical connectionsthereto by planar processing or the like after the devices are fixed inthe encapsulation. In addition, it is desirable that the methods,materials and structures employed be compatible with availablemanufacturing capabilities and materials and not require substantialmodifications of manufacturing procedures or substantially increasemanufacturing costs. Furthermore, other desirable features andcharacteristics of the present invention will become apparent from thesubsequent detailed description and the appended claims, taken inconjunction with the accompanying drawings and the foregoing technicalfield and background.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will hereinafter be described in conjunction withthe following drawing figures, wherein like numerals denote likeelements, and

FIG. 1 is a plan view of an array of multiple electronic devicespartially encapsulated to form an electronic panel assembly (EPA)wherein electrical connection locations on the multiple devices areexposed on a principal surface of the panel assembly, according to anembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a simplified schematic cross-sectional view through theelectronic panel assembly (EPA) of FIG. 1 under ideal conditions withoutwarping;

FIG. 3 is a simplified schematic cross-sectional view analogous to FIG.2 through the electronic panel assembly of FIG. 1 after furtherprocessing to interconnect various devices of the panel to form anintegrated electronic panel assembly (IEPA);

FIG. 4 is a simplified schematic cross-sectional view through theelectronic panel assembly (EPA) of FIG. 1 located on a chuck for furtherprocessing, and illustrating how concave warping of the panel duringencapsulation interferes with sealing the electronic panel assembly(EPA) against the chuck for such further processing;

FIG. 5 is a simplified schematic cross-sectional view analogous to FIG.4 through the panel assembly of FIG. 1 located on a chuck for furtherprocessing but illustrating how convex warping according to anembodiment of the present invention facilitates sealing the EPA againstthe chuck for such further processing;

FIGS. 6-12 are simplified schematic cross-sectional views analogous tothose of FIGS. 2-3 of electronic device plastic encapsulation with awarp compensation sheet at different stages of manufacture of amulti-device EPA and IEPA, according to a still further embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIG. 13 is a plan view of the of an array of electronic devices with thewarp compensation sheet of FIG. 6, viewed toward the rear faces of thedevices and sheet and surrounded by a mold frame according to a furtherembodiment of the present invention, just prior to encapsulation andshowing further details;

FIG. 14 is a simplified schematic cross-section through the array ofFIG. 14 just after encapsulation with the mold frame still in place; and

FIG. 15 illustrates a method of plastic encapsulation of electronicdevices corresponding to the manufacturing stages of FIGS. 6-14 andaccording to a yet further embodiment of the present invention andshowing further details.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description is merely exemplary in nature and isnot intended to limit the invention or the application and uses of theinvention. Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by anyexpressed or implied theory presented in the preceding technical field,background, brief summary or the following detailed description.

For simplicity and clarity of illustration, the drawing figuresillustrate the general manner of construction, and descriptions anddetails of well-known features and techniques may be omitted to avoidunnecessarily obscuring the invention. Additionally, elements in thedrawings figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, thedimensions of some of the elements or regions in some of the figures maybe exaggerated relative to other elements or regions of the same orother figures to help improve understanding of embodiments of theinvention

The terms “first,” “second,” “third,” “fourth” and the like in thedescription and the claims, if any, may be used for distinguishingbetween similar elements and not necessarily for describing a particularsequential or chronological order. It is to be understood that the termsso used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances such thatthe embodiments of the invention described herein are, for example,capable of operation or use in sequences other than those illustrated orotherwise described herein. Furthermore, the terms “comprise,”“include,” “have” and any variations thereof, are intended to covernon-exclusive inclusions, such that a process, method, article, orapparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limitedto those elements, but may include other elements not expressly listedor inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. The terms“left,” right,” “in,” “out,” “front,” “back,” “up,” “down, “top,”“bottom,” “over,” “under,” “above,” “below” and the like in thedescription and the claims, if any, are used for describing relativepositions and not necessarily for describing permanent positions inspace. It is to be understood that the embodiments of the inventiondescribed herein may be used, for example, in other orientations thanthose illustrated or otherwise described herein. The term “coupled,” asused herein, is defined as directly or indirectly connected in anelectrical or non-electrical manner. The term “bonding pad” singular orplural is intended to refer to any type of electrical connection placeon a device and is not limited merely to those suitable for electricalconnection by welding or soldering on a wire or other lead.

FIG. 1 shows plan view 20 of a portion of array 24 of multipleelectronic devices 30 partially encapsulated to form electronic panelassembly (EPA) 80 wherein electrical connection locations 36 (hereafterbonding pads 36) on primary faces 31 of multiple devices 30 are exposedon a principal surface 57 of EPA 80, according to an embodiment of thepresent invention wherein perforated warp compensation sheet (WCS) 40laterally surrounds individual devices 30 in encapsulation 50. FIG. 2 isa simplified cross-sectional view through EPA 80 of FIG. 1 showingfurther details under ideal conditions without warping. WCS 40 hasopenings or windows 44 therein in which devices 30 are located. Windows44 have widths 45 that are larger than widths 35 of devices 30 so thatframe-shaped gaps 47 of width 48 exist between lateral edges 32 ofdevices 30 and lateral edges 46 of windows 44 in WCS 40. Gaps 47 betweenedges 46 of windows 44 and edges 32 of devices 30 are filled withplastic encapsulation 50. Encapsulation 50 may also extend over rearfaces 33 of devices 30 and/or rear face 43 of WCS 40. In the embodimentsof FIGS. 2-3, devices 30 are illustrated as being thicker than WCS 40 sothat encapsulation 50 covers rear face 43 of WCS 40 but not rear faces33 of devices 30, but this merely by way of example and not intended tobe limiting. Devices 30 are typically about 0.3 to 0.85 mm thick butthicker or thinner devices can also be used. Thickness 41 of WCS 40 canbe thicker or thinner than thickness 34 of devices 30, with thickness 41being about 25 to 200 percent of the thickness 34 being convenient invarious embodiments. In the embodiments illustrated herein, thickness 41of WCS 40 is shown as being about half of thickness 34 of devices 30 butthis is merely for convenience of illustration and not intended to belimiting. While devices 30 are illustrated herein as being rectangularand of the same size, this is merely for convenience of description andnot intended to be limiting. Devices 30 may have any size and shape asdesired by the panel designer, with corresponding sizes and shapes foropenings 44 in which devices 30 are to be located exceeding that ofdevices 30 by frame-shaped gap 47.

FIG. 3 is a simplified schematic cross-sectional view similar to that ofFIG. 2 through EPA 80 of FIGS. 1-2, after further processing tointerconnect various devices 30 of EPA 80 into integrated electronicpanel assembly (IEPA) 84. Devices 30 have electrical connectionlocations 36 referred to for convenience and inclusively as “bondingpads,” understanding that in various embodiments any type of electricalconnection can be made thereto. One or more insulating layers 85, vias86 through insulating layers 85 and conductor layers or interconnections87 are provided over upper surface 57 of EPA 80 to interconnect variousbonding pads 36 on the same or different devices 30 to each other or toexternal terminals 88 or to both. FIG. 3 is intended merely toillustrate the general principal by which various devices 30 are coupledtogether and/or to external terminals 88 and not to show a particularcircuit arrangement. Persons of skill in the art will understand how toselect such interconnections depending upon the particular devices inEPA 80 and the electrical function to be provided by IEPA 84. Insulators85, vias 86 and interconnections 87 are preferably provided usingconventional planar processing technology although in furtherembodiments other techniques such as screen printing, selective platingor deposition and other methods can also be used.

FIG. 4 shows simplified schematic cross-sectional view 26 through warpedelectronic panel assembly (EPA) 81 located on spinner or alignment chuck64 for further processing to provide insulating layers 85, vias 86 andinterconnects 87. EPA 81 of FIG. 4 is analogous to EPA 80 of FIGS. 1-2but with concave warping that can occur during encapsulation. As usedherein, the term “concave” refers to the direction of curvatureillustrated in FIG. 4 wherein the peripheral portion of panel 81protrudes toward a viewer facing toward upper surface 57 containingbonding pads 36 and the central portion of the panel is depressedrelative to the viewer. FIG. 4 illustrates how warping of EPA 81 duringencapsulation can interfere with sealing lower or rear surface 56 of EPA81 against upper surface 65 of chuck 64 for the further processingneeded to form IEPA 84. EPA 81 is said to have “concave” warp by amount76. “Concave” is defined looking toward upper panel surface 57 wherebonding pads 36 are located. When vacuum 66 is pulled on chuck 64, airleaks in around open periphery 77 of EPA 81 because of concave warpamount 76 and EPA 81 does not seal against chuck 64. Even if a chuckwith a curved upper surface was provided to obtain a seal against EPA81, the lack of flatness of upper surface 57 of EPA 81 makes itdifficult to use conventional planar processing technology to form vias86 and define interconnects 87. Thus, such concave warped panels aredifficult to process so as to form the desired integrated electronicassembly.

FIG. 5 is a simplified schematic cross-sectional view 27 analogous toFIG. 4 but through electronic panel assembly (EPA) 82 located on uppersurface 65 spinner or alignment chuck 64 for further processing. EPA 82is analogous to EPA 80 of FIGS. 1-2, but with convex warp looking towardpanel surface 57, according to an embodiment of the present invention.As used herein, the term “convex” refers to the direction of curvatureillustrated in FIG. 5 wherein the central portion of panel 82 protrudestoward a viewer facing toward upper surface 57 containing bonding pads36 and the peripheral portion of the panel is depressed relative to theviewer. FIG. 5 illustrates how reversing the direction of warpingaccording to an embodiment of the present invention facilitates sealingEPA 82 against upper surface 65 of chuck 64 at periphery 79. Applyingvacuum 66 to chuck 64 will generally pull EPA 82 flat against uppersurface 65 of chuck 64 so that planar processing technology may be usedto provide insulating layers 85, vias 86 and interconnections 87, as isdesired to form IEPA 84 of FIG. 3.

FIGS. 6-13 are simplified schematic cross-sectional views analogous tothose of FIGS. 2-3 of EPA 82, 83 and integrated electronic panelassembly (IEPA) 84 including warp control sheet (WPS) 40 at differentstages 90 through 96 of manufacture according to further embodiments ofthe present invention. Like reference numbers are used for like regions.Referring now to manufacturing stage 90 of FIG. 6, temporary substrate60 having upper surface 61 is provided. Substrate 60 is conveniently ofporous ceramic, for example and not intended to be limiting, aluminawith approximately 0.5 micro-meter continuous porosity manufactured byRefractron Technologies of New York, USA, but other comparatively inertmaterials may also be used. It is preferably porous to assist in laterseparating it from the EPA 82. In stage 90 of FIG. 6, WCS 40 ofthickness 41 is mounted on surface 61 of temporary substrate 60 usingthin temporary adhesive layer 62 having upper surface 63 in contact withsurface 42 of WCS 40. In a preferred embodiment, double sided polyimidesticky-tape with silicone adhesive on both sides manufactured byPermacel of New Jersey is used, but in further embodiments other typesof non-permanent adhesive materials may also be used. What is importantis that adhesive layer 62 withstands subsequent processing withoutbecoming brittle or permanently fixed in place, since at a later stageof manufacture, WCS 40 with embedded devices 30 will be separated fromadhesive layer 62. Perforations or openings 44 in WCS 40 have lateraledges 46.

If copper or other comparatively high coefficient of thermal expansion(CTE) material is used for WCS 40, then generally concave warping suchas is illustrated in FIG. 4 is obtained. It has been found that byemploying lower CTE materials for WCS 40, such as for example and notintended to be limiting Alloy 42 or Alloy 49, that the direction ofwarping is reversed so as to obtain convex warping, which much morereadily permits sealing EPA 82 to spinner or alignment chuck 64 andother post encapsulation processing equipment. While WCS 40 ispreferably of such metals, non conductive materials with appropriate CTEcan also be used. The optimum choice of WCS 40 will depend upon the CTEof devices 30 and encapsulation 50. Silicon, which is commonly used indevices 30 has a CTE of about 2.7-3.5 parts-per-million per degreecentigrade (ppm/° C.). Plastic encapsulation 50 as described herein hasa CTE of about 13 ppm/° C. Substrates and carriers 60, 70 used in thefabrication of the electronic panel assemblies described herein (seeFIGS. 9 and 11) can have CTE's in the range of about 6.0-7.7 ppm/° C.for alumina and about 3.25 ppm/° C. for Pyrex® glass. Various materialsavailable in sheet form and their CTE's in the temperature range ofabout 30-200° C. encountered during encapsulation are copper 17.2 ppm/°C., aluminum 23.2 ppm/° C., laminated fiberboard 15.0 ppm/° C., andvarious NiFe alloys such as Alloy 52 with 10.4 ppm/° C., Alloy 29 withabout 10 ppm/° C., Alloy 48 with 9.4 ppm/° C., Alloy 46 with 7.9 ppm/°C., Alloy 42 with 4.5 ppm/° C., Invar 36 with 1.72 ppm/° C., and soforth. Such materials are well known in the art and are available frommany manufacturers such as for example and not intended to be limiting,National Electronic Alloys, Inc. of Santa Ana, Calif. It is desirablethat WCS 40 be substantially planar.

Table I below shows the EPA warp amount and direction for different WCSmaterials, for EPA 80, 82 of about 200 mm diameter and about 0.650 mmthickness and the encapsulant material described herein. For thiscombination, copper was not desirable as a WCS material because itproduced concave warp, so that the resulting panels were difficult orimpossible to seal against a standard post-processing chuck, such aschuck 64 of FIG. 4. While Alloy 42 provided the desired convex warp, themagnitude of the warp (5-6.5%) was large enough to make it difficult toseal the panels, for example against an alignment chuck for furtherprocessing. Thus, it is desirable that WCS 40 be made of a material toprovide in combination with the material of encapsulation 50, apost-encapsulation convex warp less than about 5% of the lateraldimensions of the panel. Alloy 49 provided better results with convexwarp of only about 1-1.5% of the panel diameter or lateral dimensions,so that vacuum 66 (see FIG. 5) could easily pull the panels flat on thealignment or other tool chuck for further planar processing. Thus itwill be apparent that by choosing WCS 40 of a material with anappropriate range of CTE compared to encapsulation 50, that panels 80,82 can be provided that are convex and sufficiently flat to readilypermit subsequent processing to provide integrated electronic panelassemblies 84 using conventional planar processing. The optimum choiceof CTE for WCS 40 will vary depending upon the choice of encapsulantmaterial and the relative thickness of devices 30, WCS panel 40 andencapsulation 50 but can be determined without undue experimentationdepending upon the choices made by the panel designer. However, it isgenerally desirable that WCS 40 have a CTE that is less than that ofencapsulation 50, usefully about 50-95% of the CTE of encapsulation 50,more conveniently about 55-85% of the CTE of encapsulation 50, andpreferably about 60-80% of the CTE of encapsulation 50. Stated anotherway, it is desirable that WCS 40 have a CTE usefully about in the range6.5-12.4 ppm/° C., more conveniently about 7.2-11.1 ppm/° C. andpreferably about 7.8-10.4 ppm/° C. Stated still another way, it isdesirable that the material of WCS 40 and encapsulation 50 be chosen sothat the resulting warp of resulting EPA 82 is convex and less than ˜5%and preferably in the range of about 1-2% or less of the lateral extentof EPA 82.

TABLE I EPA WARP AMOUNT AND DIRECTION FOR DIFFERENT WCS MATERIALS WCSCTE Deflection Deflection # Material per ° C. Amount Direction 1 Copper~17 ppm 1-2 mm Concave 2 Alloy 42  ~5 ppm 10-13 mm  Convex 3 Alloy 49~10 ppm 2-3 mm Convex

In stage 91 of FIG. 7, devices 30 are mounted in openings 44 in WCS 40by placing devices 30 with their primary faces 31 on adhesive layer 62,that is, with bonding pads 36 facing adhesive layer 62. Edges 32 ofdevices 30 face edges 46 of WCS 40 in openings 44, so that there isannular space or gap 47 of mean width 48 surrounding each device 32separating it from WCS 40. In various embodiments, width 48 of annularspace or gap 47 is usefully in the range of about 25 to 700 micrometers,more preferably about 100 to 500 micrometers and preferably about 200 to300 micrometers. Stated another way, width 48 of spacer or gap 47 isusefully about 25 to 200 percent of thickness 41 of WCS 40, moreconveniently about 50 to 150 percent of thickness 41 and preferablyabout 75 to 125 percent of thickness 41. Stages 90 and 91 can be carriedout in either order, but it is preferably to perform stage 90 first. Instage 92 of FIG. 8, resin encapsulation 50 is applied in at leastannular gaps 47 between devices 30 and WCS 40 and, optionally in furtherembodiments over rear faces 33 of devices 30 and/or rear faces 43 of WCS40. Type R1007RC-H silica filled epoxy manufactured by the Nagasecompany of Tokyo, Japan is a suitable material for encapsulation 50, butother well known encapsulants can also be used, including variations oftype R1007RC-H. The structure of FIG. 8 results wherein devices 30 arenow held in place relative to WCS 40 by encapsulation 50. Encapsulation50 is desirably cured using a thermal treatment recommended by themanufacturer for the chosen resin. For the above noted resin, a one ortwo step cure at temperatures in the range of about 50-170° C. for30-120 minutes is useful with about 100-150° C. for about 60-90 minutesbeing preferred.

In a further embodiment in optional manufacturing stage 93 of FIG. 9,portion 52 (see FIG. 8) of encapsulation 50 lying above rear faces 33 ofdevices 30 and rear face 43 of WCS 40 may be removed (e.g., by grindingor chemical etching or other convenient techniques) to expose rear faces33 of devices 30. This is referred to conveniently as “backgrind” or“backgrinding” even though in various embodiments other techniquesbesides grinding may be used to remove portion 52 of encapsulation 50,and such other techniques are intended to be included in the terms“backgrind” and “backgrinding.” Backgrinding facilitates bringing a heatsink in direct contact with rear faces 33 of devices 30, but is notessential. After backgrinding stage 93, rear face 43 of WCS 40 may ormay not be exposed from encapsulation 50 depending upon the relativethickness of WCS 40 compared to devices 30 and the amount ofbackgrinding performed.

In manufacturing stage 94 of FIG. 10, temporary support substrate 60 andadhesive layer 62 are removed, thereby exposing primary faces 31 andbonding pads 36 of devices 30, and forming free-standing multi-deviceelectronic panel assembly (EPA) 82 wherein devices 30 are held in placeat least by their edges 32 embedded in encapsulation 50. Where adhesive62 is a silicone adhesive, soaking the structure of FIG. 9 in acetonefacilitates separation of devices 30, WCS 40, and remainingencapsulation 50 as a unit from temporary support 60, to providemulti-device electronic panel assembly (EPA) 82 of FIG. 10. In FIG. 10,EPA 82 has been flipped over compared to its orientation in FIGS. 6-9 sothat bonding pads 36 and surfaces 31 now face upward. Bonding pads 36 onvarious devices 30 are now exposed and available for interconnection inany manner desired by the panel designer or user. In this way,extraordinarily complex functions may be provided by EPA 82, sincemultiple devices 30 of different types and functions may be combined andinterconnected in a single panel. This is a great convenience where itis desired to use different chips or die made from different materialsby different processes to optimize overall performance. As is explainedmore fully in connection with FIG. 15 and illustrated in FIG. 3, EPA 82of FIG. 10 may have insulating layers 85, vias 86 and interconnections87 applied directly on EPA 82 to provide IEPA 84, or EPA 82 may proceedto optional manufacturing stage 95 of FIG. 11.

In a further embodiment illustrated by manufacturing stage 95 of FIG.11, EPA 82 is optionally but not essentially mounted on upper surface 71of support carrier 70 by adhesive layer 72 to form composite panel orEPA 83. Adhesive layer 72 is preferably of the same type as adhesivelayer 62, but a wide variety of attachment materials may be used invarious embodiments. Support carrier 70 may be ceramic, glass, metal,semiconductor, sapphire, fiberglass, various plastics and combinationsthereof or other materials well known in the electronic arts. Use ofsupport carrier 70 is convenient for subsequent processing of EPA 82, 83but is not essential. A second cure cycle may be performed if thatprovided after encapsulation stage 92 has not provided sufficient curingof encapsulation 50. EPA 82, 83 is useful in its present form or,according to other embodiments, further processing may be provided tointerconnect the various devices in EPA 82, 83.

In optional manufacturing stage 96 of FIG. 12 according to furtherembodiments, one or more insulating layers 85 are provided over surface31 of devices 30, surface 54 of encapsulation 50 and outer surface 42 ofWCS 40, collectively upper surface 57 of EPA 82, 83. Layers 85, vias 86,interconnects 87 and external terminal 88 are preferably provided usingconventional planar processing technology, but other methods for formingthese structures may also be used. Organic polymers in liquid or dryfilms are suitable for insulating layers 85, but in various furtherembodiments a wide range of other materials well known in the electronicart for interlayer dielectrics may also be used. Layers 85 are patternedand etched to form vias 86 and expose bonding pads 36 on devices 30, andone or more conductors 87 are applied to interconnect various bondingpads 36 on devices 30 to each other or to external terminals 88 or toboth, to provide integrated electronic panel assembly (IEPA) 84comprising whatever circuit or system configuration is desired by thedesigner of EPA 82, 83. Conductors 87 may be metal, metal alloy, dopedsemiconductor, semi-metals, and/or combinations thereof. Such materialsand techniques for applying them are well known in the art. While onlythree bonding pads are shown on each device 30 in FIG. 12 as beingconnected and/or only to an adjacent device and external terminals 88,this is merely for convenience of illustration of the general principaland not intended to be limiting. Persons of skill in the art willunderstand based on the teachings herein that bonding pads 36 anddevices 30 are representative of multiple bonding pads present onmultiple devices of the same or different types, and that any number ofbonding pads 36 on any of devices 30 may be interconnected in anydesired combination to any bonding pads 36 on the same or any otherdevices 30 or other active or passive device in panel 82, 83 so as toform IEPA 84 with WCS 40 therein as generally illustrated in FIG. 12.Various fiduciary marks 49, 69 (see FIGS. 1 and 13) may be provided onWCS 40 to facilitate placement of devices 30 in openings 44 of WCS 40and for alignment of various masks or printing layers for forminginsulating layers 85, vias 86 needed to expose bonding pads 36,conductors 87 and external connections 88.

FIG. 13 shows a plan view according to a still further embodiment ofmanufacturing stage 91-1 of array 25 of electronic devices 30 and WCS 40corresponding to stage 91 of FIG. 7 just prior to encapsulation, viewedtoward their rear faces 33, 43 and showing further details. Devices 30are located in openings 44 in WCS 40, mounted on adhesive layer 62 overtemporary substrate 60. Array 25 of devices 30 and WCS 40 are desirablylaterally surrounded by mold frame 67 also mounted on adhesive 62. Moldframe 67 is preferably of metal, as for example, and not intended to belimiting, cold rolled or spring steel but other materials may also beused. While mold frame 67 is shown in FIG. 13 as having an open (i.e.,no top) circular shape in plan view this is merely for convenience ofdescription and not intended to be limiting. Mold frame 67 may have anyconvenient plan shape and may be open or partially open. Mold frame 67conveniently serves to limit the lateral extent of encapsulation 50about to be placed in gaps 47 between edges 32 of devices 30 and edges46 of openings 44 in WCS 40. In this embodiment, encapsulation 50conveniently but not essentially extends over rear faces 33 of devices30 and rear face 43 of WCS 40, as can be seen in FIG. 14. FIG. 14denoted as manufacturing stage 92-1 is a simplified schematiccross-sectional view through array 25 of FIG. 13 along line 14 indicatedin FIG. 13 and corresponds to stage 92 of FIG. 8, just afterencapsulation 50 has been provided. It will be noted in stage 92-1 ofFIG. 14, that mold frame 67 acts as a temporary dam that laterallycontains encapsulation 50. In this embodiment, height 68 of mold frame67 can be conveniently used to set the thickness of portion 52 ofencapsulation 50 over rear faces 33 of devices 30 and rear face 43 ofWCS 40. Use of mold frame 67 is preferred but not essential.

FIG. 15 illustrates method 100 of plastic encapsulation of electronicdevices, employing warp compensation sheet (WCS) 40, relating to themanufacturing stages of FIGS. 6-14 and according to a yet furtherembodiment of the present invention showing further details. Method 100begins at START 102 and initial PROVIDE TEMPORARY SUPPORT step 104wherein temporary support 60 is provided including adhesive layer 62. InPROVIDE WARP COMPENSATION SHEET (WCS) step 106, WCS 40 of FIG. 9 isfabricated or obtained as described herein, in particular, having theappropriate CTE for the encapsulation being provided in subsequent step112, so that the resulting panels have no concave warp and are eitherflat or have convex warp of an amount within the pull-down range of thetools intended to be used for subsequent processing to form anintegrated multi-device panel. Openings 44 in WCS 40 are sized for thedie or other chips or devices 30 that are intended to be mountedtherein, and where various types of die of different sizes are to beincluded in the same panel, different openings may have different sizesto accommodate die of different sizes. In FIGS. 1-14 openings 44 anddevices 30 are assumed to be of uniform size and shape, but this ismerely for convenience of explanation and not intended to be limiting.Steps 104, 106 may be performed in either order. In step 108corresponding to stage 90 of FIG. 6, WCS 40 is mounted on adhesive layer62 or otherwise removably attached to temporary support 60. In step 110corresponding to manufacturing stage 91 of FIG. 7, devices 30 aremounted face-down on adhesive 62 or otherwise removably attached totemporary support 60 in openings 44 of WCS 40. Stage 91-1 of FIG. 13also shows the results of these two steps. Width 45 (see FIGS. 1 and 13)of openings 44 in WCS 40 are larger than widths 35 of devices 30 byapproximately twice width 48 of gap 47. Fiduciary marks 49, 69 on WCS 40may be used to accurately position devices 30 in openings 44 so thattheir location relative to WCS 40 and to each other is well determined.While only two fiduciary marks 49, 69 are shown on WCS 40 in FIGS. 1 and13, persons of skill in the art will understand that these are merelyexemplary and not intended to be limiting and that any number offiduciary marks may be provided as a part of WCS 40 adjacent eachopening 44 or elsewhere on WCS 40 and on one or both faces 42, 43 of WCS40, as is desired by the designer. The present invention does not dependcritically upon the exact nature of devices 30 and they can be, forexample, integrated circuits, individual devices, filters,magnetostrictive devices, electro-optical devices, electro-acousticdevices, integrated passive devices such as resistors, capacitors andinductors, or other types of elements and/or combinations thereof, andcan be formed of any materials able to withstand the encapsulationprocess. Non-limiting examples are various organic and inorganicsemiconductors, type IV, III-V and II-VI materials, glasses, ceramics,metals, semi-metals, inter-metallics and so forth, according to variousembodiments of the present invention.

In subsequent step 112, resin encapsulation 50 is applied to temporarysupport substrate 60, WCS 40 and devices 30 as described in connectionwith stage 92 of FIG. 8 and stage 92-1 of FIG. 14, filling at leastinterstices or gaps 47 between edges 32 of devices 30 and edges 46 ofopenings 44 in WCS 40. It is important that the coefficient of thermalexpansion (CTE) of encapsulation 50 be chosen relative to the CTE of WCS40 so that any resulting warp of EPA 82 after encapsulation step 112 isconvex and preferably of magnitude less than at least about 5% of thediameter or lateral extend of EPA 82 and, more preferably, less than orequal about 1-2% thereof. In various embodiments, portion 52 (see FIGS.8 and 14) of encapsulation 50 may overly rear faces 33 of devices 30 andrear face 43 of WCS 40 although that is not essential. In step 114encapsulation 50 is desirably cured as has already been described. It asbeen found that heating in nitrogen or a substantially inert gas for30-120 minutes at 50-170° C. is useful with 60-90 minutes at about100-150° C. being preferred. Care should be taken not render adhesivelayer 62 insoluble. Thus a two-stage cure may be desirable dependingupon the choice of adhesive layer 62, with the second stage after step118, but this is not essential. In further embodiments, optionalbackgrind step 116 may then be performed as has already been describedin connection with FIGS. 8-10 wherein, for example and not intended tobe limiting, portion 52 of encapsulation 50 is removed by grinding,etching, a combination thereof or other convenient means, leaving WCS 40with embedded devices 30, to form EPA 82. EPA 82 has thickness 58between upper face 57 and lower faces 56 (see FIG. 10) desirably ofabout 200-1000 micrometers with about 550-750 micrometers beingpreferred, depending upon thickness 34 of devices 30 and thickness 41WCS 40. If wet grinding is used during optional backgrind step 116, itis desirable to subject device panel 82 to a brief drying cycle toremove any moisture that may have been absorbed during backgrind. About10-20 minutes at 80-120° C. is useful with about 15 minutes at about100° C. being preferred. Alternatively in various embodiments, method100 may proceed directly from step 114 to step 118 as shown by path 115,depending upon the needs of the designer of the device array beingformed.

In an embodiment including step 118, device panel 57 is separated fromtemporary support substrate 60 as shown in connection with FIG. 10.Substrate 60 can be released from device panel 82 by soaking thecombination of panel 82 and substrate 60 in solvents that softenadhesive layer 62. The choice of solvent will depend on the choice ofadhesive layer 62. In a preferred embodiment where adhesive layer 62comprises double sided polyimide tape with silicone adhesive surfaces,acetone is a suitable solvent. The resulting structure is shown in FIG.10. Device panel 82 is useful as-is and in such embodiment method 100can, optionally proceed to END 128 as shown by path 119-1 or tointegration steps 122-126 as shown by path 119-2, depending upon theneeds of the panel designer and fabricator. Alternatively, method 100can proceed in a still further embodiment to step 120 as shown by path119 wherein EPA 82 is mounted by lower face 56 on support carrier 70, asshown and described in connection with FIG. 11. Adhesive 72 ispreferably used to mount device panel 82 on support carrier 70, as hasalready been described in connection with FIG. 11, thereby formingreinforced composite electronic panel assembly 83 of FIG. 11. ReinforcedEPA 83 is useful as-is and in such embodiment method 100 can optionally,proceed to END 128 after step 120 as indicated by path 121. However, ina further embodiment in order to provide an electrically integratedpanel 84, 84′ such as is illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 12, method 100 canproceed with subsequent steps 122, 124, 126 wherein some or all ofbonding pads 36 on devices 30 are interconnected in the desired mannerand coupled to appropriate input-output (I/O) terminals 88 (e.g., seeFIGS. 3 and 12). For embodiments wherein such an integrated panel isdesired, then in step 122 insulating layer 85 is applied over faces 31of devices 30, surface 43 of WCS 40 and surface 54 of encapsulation 50(collectively surface 57 of EPA 82), and in step 124 contact region viasare opened in insulating layer 85 to desired bonding pads 36, and instep 126 they are electrically coupled to each other or to externalterminals or both by applying conductive interconnects 87. Persons ofskill in the art will understand based on the teachings herein, thatmore than one insulating layer 85, more than one set of vias 86 and morethan one conductor layer 87 may be required to achieve the desiredinterconnections of multiple devices 30 in EPA 82 to form IEPA 84, 84′.Accordingly, as indicated by path 127 corresponding to such furtherembodiments, steps 122, 124, 126 may be repeated as often as necessaryin order to achieve the desired interconnections within EPA 82 and toexternal terminals 88. When the desired interconnectivity has beenachieved, then according to such embodiments, method 100 proceeds to end128 as shown by path 129 and IEPA 84, 84′ such as are illustrated inFIGS. 3 and 12 are obtained.

According to a first exemplary embodiment there is provided a method forforming an electrical assembly, comprising, providing multipleelectronic devices with primary faces where electrical contacts arelocated, opposed rear faces, and edges extending between the primary andrear faces, providing a perforated warp control sheet having multipleopenings therein sized to accept the multiple electronic devices andhaving a first coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), providing atemporary support adapted to receive the multiple electronic devices andthe perforated warp control sheet on a principal surface thereof, thenin either order, placing the perforated warp control sheet and themultiple electronic devices on the principal surface of the temporarysubstrate, with the multiple electronic devices in the openings in theperforated warp control sheet so that gaps are located between the edgesof the electronic devices and edges of the openings in the perforatedwarp control sheet, and wherein the primary faces of the electronicdevices are oriented toward the principal surface of the temporarysupport, providing plastic encapsulation at least in the gaps, wherein asecond CTE of the encapsulation material is equal or greater than thefirst CTE, and separating the devices, the perforated warp control sheetand the plastic encapsulation in the gaps from the temporary support,thereby providing a panel containing the multiple electronic devices andthe perforated warp control sheet joined by the plastic encapsulation.According to a further exemplary embodiment, the method furthercomprises after the separating step, applying one or more insulatinglayers at least over the primary electrical faces of the devices in thepanel, providing vias through some of the one or more insulating layersto various electrical contacts of the devices, and forming conductorsover one or more of the insulating layers and through one or more of thevias to interconnect various electrical contacts together or to externalterminals or both, thereby providing an integrated electrical assembly.According to a still further exemplary embodiment, the steps ofproviding a perforated warp control sheet and providing a plasticencapsulation comprise, providing a warp control sheet and a plasticencapsulation having relative first and second coefficients of thermalexpansion such that after encapsulation and separation any warp of thepanel is convex. According to a yet further exemplary embodiment, thewarp is convex and less than about 5% of the lateral extent of thepanel. According to a still yet further exemplary embodiment, the warpis less than about 2%. According to a yet still further exemplaryembodiment, the first CTE in the range of 50-95% of the second CTE.According to another exemplary embodiment, the first CTE in the range of55-85% of the second CTE. According to a still another exemplaryembodiment, the step of providing plastic encapsulation at least in thegaps, comprises, providing the plastic encapsulation in the gaps andover rear faces of the multiple electronic devices and the perforatedwarp control sheet, and then backgrinding the plastic encapsulation toexpose the rear faces of the multiple electronic devices. According to ayet another exemplary embodiment, the first CTE is in the range of about6.5-12.4 ppm/° C. According to a still yet another exemplary embodiment,the first CTE is in the range of about 7.2-11.1 ppm/° C.

According to a second exemplary embodiment, there is provided a methodfor forming an integrated electronic panel assembly (IEPA) havingmultiple electronic devices, comprising, providing multiple electronicdevices with first faces having bonding pads thereon, opposed rearfaces, and edges extending between the first faces and rear faces,providing a temporary support having a principal face, providing a warpcontrol plane having openings therein adapted to receive the multipleelectronic devices, wherein the warp control plane has a firstcoefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) less than a second CTE, mountingthe warp control plane and the multiple electronic devices on thetemporary support with the multiple electronic devices located in theopenings in the warp control plane with their bonding pads orientedtoward the principal face, and wherein a gap separates the edges of eachof the multiple electronic devices from each opening in the warp controlplane, providing plastic encapsulation having the second CTE at leastbetween edges of the multiple electronic devices and the openings in thewarp control plane on the temporary support, curing the plasticencapsulation at least sufficiently to substantially fix the multipleelectronic devices and the warp control plane in the encapsulation,thereby forming a panel of multiple electronic devices on the temporarysupport, separating the panel from the temporary support so that thebonding pads are exposed, and connecting some of the bonding pads on thepanel to each other or to external terminals or both. According to afurther exemplary embodiment, the method further comprises after theseparating step and before the interconnecting step, mounting the panelon a carrier with the rear faces of the multiple electronic devicesfacing the carrier and the bonding pads exposed. According to a stillfurther exemplary embodiment, the interconnecting step comprises,applying one or more insulating layers over the multiple electronicdevices, opening vias to at least some of the bonding pads, andproviding conductive interconnects extending through some of the vias inthe one or more insulating layers to electrically couple some of thebonding pads to each other or to external connections to the panel orboth. According to a yet further exemplary embodiment, the warp controlplane comprises a nickel-iron alloy with between about 40-52% nickel.According to a still yet further exemplary embodiment, the first CTE isin the range of about 50-95% of the second CTE. According to a yet stillfurther exemplary embodiment, the first CTE is in the range of about55-85% of the second CTE.

According to a third exemplary embodiment, there is provided anintegrated electronic assembly, comprising, multiple electronic deviceshaving front faces with bonding pads thereon, opposed rear faces andedges extending therebetween, a substantially planar sheet havingopenings therein in which the multiple electronic devices are locatedand wherein the substantially planar sheet has a first coefficient ofthermal expansion (CTE), plastic encapsulation in at least the openingsin the substantially planar sheet coupling the electronic devices to thesubstantially planar sheet so that an initial electronic assembly isformed with the bonding pads exposed, wherein the plastic encapsulationhas a second CTE relative to the first CTE such that the initialelectronic assembly is substantially flat or has a convex warp, andinterconnections extending to some of the multiple electronic devices ofthe initial electronic assembly thereby coupling some of the bondingpads to each other or to external terminals or both to form theintegrated electronic assembly. According to a further exemplaryembodiment, the convex warp is less than about 5% of the lateral extentof the initial electronic assembly. According to a still furtherexemplary embodiment, the convex warp is less than or equal about 2%.According to a yet further exemplary embodiment, the substantiallyplanar sheet comprises nickel and iron.

While at least one exemplary embodiment has been presented in theforegoing detailed description, it should be appreciated that a vastnumber of variations exist. For example, and not intended to belimiting, devices 30 and encapsulation 50 may be of any type andtechnology and not limited merely to the examples given. Similarly,while various preferred materials and packaging methods for the diepanel are described herein, persons of skill in the art will understandthat a large number of alternatives exist according to differentembodiments of the present invention, for example and not intended to belimiting, for various support substrates and carriers and WCS's andadhesives and other layers used herein, and such are intended to beincluded in the scope of the claims that follow. Further, the exemplaryimplementations and embodiments presented herein yield die panels invarious stages of completion that are useful in intermediate as well asfinished form and such are intended to be included within the scope ofthe claims that follow.

It should also be appreciated that the exemplary embodiment or exemplaryembodiments are only examples, and are not intended to limit the scope,applicability, or configuration of the invention in any way. Rather, theforegoing detailed description will provide those skilled in the artwith a convenient road map for implementing the exemplary embodiment orexemplary embodiments. It should be understood that various changes canbe made in the function and arrangement of elements without departingfrom the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims andthe legal equivalents thereof.

What is claimed is:
 1. An electronic assembly, comprising: multipleelectronic devices with primary faces where electrical contacts arelocated, opposed rear faces, and edges extending between the primary andrear faces; a perforated warp control sheet having a first surface, anopposed second surface, and multiple openings therein sized to acceptthe multiple electronic devices and having a first coefficient ofthermal expansion (CTE), wherein the multiple electronic devices arelocated in the multiple openings in the perforated warp control sheet sothat gaps are located between the edges of the electronic devices andedges of the openings, wherein the primary faces of the electronicdevices are substantially co-planar with the first surface of theperforated warp control sheet, and wherein the opposed rear faces of themultiple electronic devices are higher than the second surface of theperforated warp control sheet; and cured plastic encapsulation materialin the gaps and over the second surface of the perforated warp controlsheet, wherein a characteristic of the plastic encapsulation material isthat a second CTE of the plastic encapsulation material is differentfrom the first CTE by 5% or more, so that a panel containing themultiple electronic devices and the perforated warp control sheet has aconvex warp, wherein the primary faces are exposed at a first surface ofthe panel, and the first surface of the panel has a convex curve.
 2. Theassembly of claim 1, wherein the perforated warp control sheet comprisesnickel and iron.
 3. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the warp is lessthan 5% of a lateral extent of the panel.
 4. The assembly of claim 3,wherein the warp is less than about 2% of the lateral extent of thepanel.
 5. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the first CTE in a range of50-95% of the second CTE.
 6. The assembly of claim 5, wherein the firstCTE in a range of 55-85% of the second CTE.
 7. The assembly of claim 1,wherein the first CTE is in a range of 6.5-12.4 ppm/° C.
 8. The assemblyof claim 1, wherein the first CTE is in a range of 7.2-11.1 ppm/° C. 9.The assembly of claim 1, further comprising: one or more insulatinglayers at least over the primary electrical faces of the devices in thepanel; vias through some of the one or more insulating layers to variouselectrical contacts of the devices; and conductors over one or more ofthe insulating layers and through one or more of the vias tointerconnect various electrical contacts together or to externalterminals or both, thereby providing an integrated electrical assembly.10. An integrated electronic panel assembly (IEPA) having multipleelectronic devices, comprising: a warp control plane having a firstsurface, an opposed second surface, and openings therein adapted toreceive multiple electronic devices, wherein the warp control plane hasa first coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) that is different from asecond CTE by 5% or more; the multiple electronic devices with firstfaces having bonding pads thereon, opposed rear faces, and edgesextending between the first faces and rear faces, wherein the multipleelectronic devices are located in the openings in the warp control planewith their bonding pads oriented toward the first surface, and wherein agap separates the edges of each of the multiple electronic devices fromeach opening in the warp control plane; cured plastic encapsulationhaving the second CTE over the opposed second surface of the warpcontrol plane and between edges of the multiple electronic devices andthe openings in the warp control plane, wherein the cured plasticencapsulation substantially fixes the multiple electronic devices andthe warp control plane in the encapsulation, thereby forming a panel ofmultiple electronic devices that has a convex warp, wherein the firstfaces of the multiple electronic devices are exposed at a first surfaceof the panel, and the first surface of the panel has a convex curve. 11.The assembly of claim 10, wherein the warp control plane comprises anickel-iron alloy with between 40-52% nickel.
 12. The assembly of claim10, wherein the first CTE is in a range of 50-95% of the second CTE. 13.The assembly of claim 10, wherein the first CTE is in a range of 55-85%of the second CTE.
 14. The assembly of claim 10, wherein the warpcontrol plane has an opposed second surface, and wherein the opposedrear faces of the multiple electronic devices are higher than the secondsurface of the warp control plane.
 15. The assembly of claim 10, furthercomprising: one or more insulating layers at least over the first facesof the multiple electronic devices in the panel; vias through some ofthe one or more insulating layers to various electrical contacts of thedevices; and conductors over one or more of the insulating layers andthrough one or more of the vias to interconnect various electricalcontacts together or to external terminals or both, thereby providingthe IEPA.